통신장비 벤더별 각종 네트웍 운영시스템(OS) 소개
Network Operating Systems
Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between a dis-agreggated
“operating system” which is modular and open source or a full stack (closed)
solution. Where its a full-stack product, I’ll list it as an OS.
Cumulus Networks
Cumulus Linux is a Debian based Linux distribution that runs on a variety of
commodity hardware. Cumulus is active in the Open Compute Project and
contributed multiple projects back to the community.
- Open Network Install Environment(ONIE) contributed to the OCP
- ifupdown2 now in Debian stable
Cumulus Networks | Linux Network
OS
Big Switch Switch Light
Switch Light OS is an SDN-centric NOS that Big Switch has developed to
closely integrate with whitebox hardware and ensure that OpenFlow-like functions
will operate on the current generation of switching silicon for the data
center.
- Built on Linux
- Open-sourced to form the basis of Open Network Linux (see next)
Big Switch Networks, Inc. | The Leader in
Open Software Defined Networking
Open Network Linux
Open Network Linux (ONL) is a Linux distribution for “bare metal” switches,
that is, network forwarding devices built from commodity components. ONL uses
ONIE to install onto on-board flash memory.
- Open Network Linux is a part of the Open Compute Project
- Currently ONL is OpenFlow-centric
Open Network Linux
PICA8
PicOS is qualified to run bare metal switches from several manufacturers.
Pica8 sells PicOS separately or bundled with their own whitebox switches.
- Switching and routing stack built on the XORP routing community (General
public license now owned by Pica8)
- Switching and routing support for existing networks
- Open-vSwitch (OVS) support and CrossFlow technology enables mixing of
switching, routing and OpenFlow traffic
picOS
Dell Systems
FTOS was originally developed by Force10 Networks. Dell acquired Force10 and
has continued to develop the NOS with new features. At the same time, Dell
Networks has embraced partnerships with Cumulus and BigSwitch to sell Whitebrand
(or britebox) switching using open network hardware for those customers who want
choices for NOS on their hardware.
Network
Hardware – Switches, Routers – Dell
IPinFusion
OcNOS™ is a NOS for data center and enterprise networking, including
advanced capabilities such as extensive protocol support for MPLS (Multiprotocol
Label Switching). Available for OCP hardware.
IPFusion has previously been OEMing its operating system to network vendors
in a modular format and many vendors routing protocols are actually ZebOS
components. Management APIs may also be provided by ZebOS. (See also Tail-F)
IP Infusion
Cisco Systems
Cisco has had many operating systems over the decades and several of them are
listed here.
IOS – a monolithic operating system that runs single
threaded on a wide range of CPUs. Designed and developed in a different era.
Obsolete at current time and on life support for recalcitrant customers. The
software architecture was a product of its time and made it prone to memory
leaks and packaging problems for different CPUs and motherboards. It was
difficult to fix bugs and hard to add features. Bugs would often reappear in the
mainline due to internal problems with library management at compile time.
IOS-SX – a fork of IOS was made in the mid-2000s, with
Ethernet Switching features added to the code. It had all the limitations of IOS
and took some years to stabilise into a reliable operating system. Many
customers remain fearful to move on based on the pain experienced to date.
Attempts to modularise this code and support modern features like process
restart, ISSU, etc have been abandoned due to poor results (aka bugs).
- Supports Spanning Tree
- Instant Access is an 802.1BR implementation for Cat6800 family and acts like
a virtual stacking function
- Backward compatibility remains vital for many customers and will be around
for many years to come
IOS-XE – Addresses to IOS monolithic problem by abstracting
some modules.
- The underlying operating system is based on a Linux distro but there is no
access to it
- Runs on multi-core CPUs
- Isolates control plane and data plane in the software architecture
- Stabilises the operational interfaces for SNMP, XML, HTTP for external
operations
- Runs on multiple hardware platforms from different business units but mostly
in the mid-to-low end market (perhaps reflecting the its rumoured skunkworks
development internally)
Since, historically, IOS has served as an Operating System as well as
providing the key Routing Infrastructure, there has always been an aspect of
Platform Dependent (PD) and Platform Independent (PI) code within IOS. IOS XE
allows the platform dependent code to be abstracted from a single monolithic
image. By moving drivers outside of IOS, IOS XE enables a more purely PI-focused
IOS process. This provides a more efficient software delivery model for both the
core IOS team, as well as platform developers, since the software can be
developed, packaged and released independently. LINK
NX-OS – “Nexus Operating System” was developed to replace
IOS-SX and modernise Cisco’s internal development process and tooling for
software. Targeted at the Data Centre and
- A highly customised version Linux is the base operating system
- Support for multiple CPUs (although most versions use only one CPU)
- Multithreaded preemptive multitasking capabilities
- Support for Virtual Device Contexts and 802.1BR–called Fabric Extensions
(FEX) by Cisco
- Implements memory protected process for process recovery and fault detection
- Fault detection through process monitoring to detect internal
errors
Cisco
NX-OS Software – Cisco
IOS-XR – The premium, high-end operating system developed
internally by Cisco using a range of third party software.
- Preemptive, memory protected, multitasking, microkernel-based operating
system
- Uses QNX as the operating
system kernel on CRS and ASR families. Uses Linux kernel on NCS family where routing functions and the system administration functions are
run on separate virtual machines (VMs)
- Improved high availability (largely through support for hardware redundancy
and fault containment methods such as protected memory spaces for individual
processes and process restartability)
- Better scalability for large hardware configurations (through a distributed
software infrastructure and a two-stage forwarding architecture)
- A package based software distribution model (allowing optional features such
as multicast routing and MPLS to be installed and removed while the router is in
service)
- The ability to install package upgrades and patches (potentially while the
router remains in service)
- A web-based GUI for system management (making use of a generic, XML
management interface)
- intended for service provider operations
This software is usually found on the largest of Cisco routers and premium
pricing applies. The Cisco CRS, NCS and ASR routers are the current product
families.
CatOS/CatalystOS
– acquired when Cisco bought Crescendo
communications in the late 1990’s. Used for the now obsolete Catalyst 5000 and
6000/6500 product families.
- Although supported for many years because of customer reluctance to upgrade,
it is now widely regarded as obsolete
- The CLI was unlike any other Cisco IOS product
Juniper Networks
Junos is loosely based on FreeBSD. (needs more info here)
Junos OS
Avaya
In June 2016, Avaya announced disagregation of its NOS from their
hardware.
From the press release: Avaya’s approach to network operating system software
is fundamentally different. Avaya has implemented a protocol change at the most
foundational layer of the operating system software. This change negates the
need for up to 10 legacy protocols (for details see Appendix A) that makes once
formidable networking tasks now possible, all while improving performance
elements in a switch.
Avaya NOS
Arista Networks
The EOS (Extensible Operating System) is
- A single image of EOS that runs on all Arista switches
- Uses a Linux kernel
- All networking software runs in user processes for compatibility
- Full access to Linux operating system – can run most Linux
software
Arista
EOS
Tail-F
Conf-D is a set of software modules for a wide range of hardware platforms
that offers NetCONF and YANG, SNMP and other management APIs.
Tail-F was acquired by Cisco in 2014 but still sells its Conf-D products
pseudo-independently to support existing contracts (and could be a good source
of competitor intelligence for Cisco).
Tail-F
Facebook
Facebook developed its own operating system for switches inside its data
centre and then released parts of the code into the public domain via the
OpenCompute project.
FBOSS
Microsoft SONiC (Azure Cloud Switch)
Microsoft announced that is has built its own network operating system for
whitebox switches in its own data centres.
Software for Open Networking in the
Cloud – SONiC
HP Enterprise
HP Enterprise has two operating systems in active development – ProVision and
Comware. HP also was a key stakeholder in the OpenSwitch operating system (see
below)
ComWare
– HP acquired 3Com to build out its networking
business, the ComWare operating system has been at the centre of the HP
Networking for big iron. It runs on the chassis-based switches and WAN routers,
has a broad range of features and protocols.
ProVision
– This operating system runs on ProCurve network
hardware that we developed internally at HP. Mostly focussed on LAN Switching
and very popular in campus networks.
Note that HP Enterprise has a Whitebrand product strategy that offers their
own brand of whitebox Ethernet switches running 3rd party operating systems such
as Cumulus, PicOS etc. HP Enterprise seems keen to offer a wide range of
products so that customers can partner for all their needs.
OpenSwitch
OpenSwitch is a community-based, open source network operating system. In
June 2016, the project transferred to Linux Foundation (reference).
Announced Oct 2015 and a consortium led by HP with notable support
from VMware, Arista and Broadcom. Will update when I understand more.
OpenSwitch
Network Applications
These are applications that run on a Network Operating
System. Since the only NOSs available are Linux, they are all Linux
applications.
SnapRoute
A pre-release product that is “Developer-friendly and operations-focussed L2
& L3 network protocol stack, written in Go, open source and runs on all
commoditized network hardware with any open linux operating system.
Snap Route
FBOSS
FBOSS is Facebook’s software stack for controlling and managing network
switches that consists of a number of user-space applications, libraries, and
utilities.
Github- FBOSS
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